Final Exam Guide Essay Example for Free

Final Exam Guide Essay Question 1: How would you define successful leadership? What standard do you apply when evaluating leadership success? Is it possible to predict success based on organizational cultures or other factors? Provide examples to support your answer. Solution: Successful leadership is the ability to channel and coordinate the energy of the group to attain the desired goals of the business. It is the capacity to motivate and inspire followers to go beyond the distance of their perceived limitations, to rise to the challenges of the task at hand, and to seek out innovative and novel solutions. In a word, success leadership is empowering. As Eleanor Roosevelt once said, â€Å"A good leader inspires people to have confidence in the leader; a great leader inspires people to have confidence in themselves.† A successful leadership can be evaluated by the following standards: a) Example – A successful leader leads by example, which is the key to authentic leadership. This is demonstrated by working hard, making difficult decisions, taking risks, and personal sacrifices. b) Integrity – There are no shortcuts to success. A successful leader is honest, dependable and uncompromising on his or her work and business ethics. c) Solid goals – A successful leader has solid goals and direction, which are communicated to the team. The leader makes the team identify and take ownership of the business’s goals in order to motivate them to achieve these goals. d) Knowledge – A leader is equipped with knowledge and skills necessary for the enterprise. The leader leverages the team’s best chance of success by knowing and understanding the obstacles, competition and risks present in an endeavor. e) Autonomous – A successful leader provides for autonomy by empowering the members to think, innovate and own the solution to a problem. f) High Expectations – A successful leader expects a high level of excellence from the team. Expectations create results; people want to proud of their work. However, high expectation does not mean perfection. Rather, it is learning through experience and errors, and being accountable for one’s mistakes. g) Humility – A successful leader knows the value of  teamwork and gives credit where it is due. Leadership is not about personalities; it is about directing the group’s efforts toward the completion of an endeavor. h) Execution – A successful leader has the discipline to get things done. He or she can bridge the gap between theory and actual execution of a plan. Nagavara Ramarao Narayana Murthy is an Indian businessman and co-founder of Infosys, which was founded in 1981. Mr. Murthy served as CEO of Infosys from 1982 to 2002, and as chairman from 2002 to 2011. He stepped down from the board in 2011, and became Chairman Emeritus. Mr. Murthy embodies the ideals of a successful leadership. He is a top leader, an institution builder, and an IT legend. He empowered his executives, management team and workers. He encouraged and nurtured leadership qualities in the organization through mentoring and training. He institutionalized ethical values of honesty and integrity throughout the organization. Question 2: What methods exist to develop leaders in an organization? What methods does your organization use? Why? Have any methods been counterproductive? In what ways? Solution: There are various approaches to leadership development in an organization that will be briefly describes as follows: 1) Formal Development Programs – In its basic format, a formal program consists of a classroom seminar covering basic theories and principles of leadership. It can be in the form of a tailored development program fitted to serve the needs of the specific organization. It can also be open-enrollment programs offered by private and academic institutions. 2) 3600 Feedback – This is also known as a multi-source feedback, and a multi-rater feedback. This method involves systematically collecting assessments of a person’s performance from different sources, which typically consists of supervisors, peers, subordinates, customers, and other stakeholders. 3) Executive Coaching – This method is defined as a practical, goal-oriented form of personal and one-on-one learning. Coaching is usually used to improve individual performance, enhance a career, o r work through organizational issues. 4) Job Assignments – This method works under the assumption that experience is the best teacher. This method trains would-be leaders in an organization by giving them a variety of job assignments that will expose them to different work environments; hence, it allows them to adapt, and become better  strategic thinkers. 5) Mentoring – Mentoring programs typically pair a senior and a junior manager, but pairing can also occur between peers. Mentoring involves advising and passing on lessons learned from the senior to the junior partner. 6) Networking – Some organizations include development activities designed to foster broader individual networks for better connection with partners in a global community. Leaders are expected to know not only the in and out of the organization, but also know who in terms of problem-solving resources. 7) Reflection – Introspection and reflection can foster self-understanding and understanding from lessons learned from exper ience. In leadership development, reflection can be used to uncover a person’s hidden goals, talents, and values, as well as their impact on a person’s work. 8) Action Learning – This is a project-based learning method characterized by a continuous process of learning and reflection, aided by colleagues, and with an emphasis on getting things done. This method connects individual development to the process of helping organizations respond to major business problems. 9) Outdoor Challenges – This is a team-building experience in an outdoor or wilderness setting, designed to overcome risk-taking fears, and to promote teamwork and leadership skills. Our organization uses formal programs to develop leaders. Recognizing that a classroom-based learning, while easy and flexible, is limited in the actual transfer of competencies, the formal program serves as a shell under which various development methods are incorporated. Hence, the formal program is structured by combining theoretical learning and problem-based learning. Then, a 360-degree feedback is given to each participant, which serves as a basis for an in-depth reflection. For most people, the 360-degree feedback is difficult to handle for several reasons. The primary reason is an inherent resistance to change. Another reason is the overwhelming amount of data, which can be complex, inconsistent, and difficult to interpret and translate into an action or behavior that can correct a given problem. Mere knowledge and acceptance of one’s developmental needs are not enough to bring about change. There is a need for follow-up guidance and support. That is why participants are also given short-term coaching to identify specific areas of concern and how to resolve these concerns. Question 3: In The Art and Science of Leadership, Nahavandi writes about the dark side of power. Provide an example. What organizational factors contributed to the leader’s behavior? What were consequences of the behavior? Solution: Nahavandi cites corruption as the dark side of power. An example of a scandal that shocked the corporate world was the case of the German engineering giant Siemens in 2006. A regulatory investigation revealed that hundreds of employees, spearheaded by Siemens’ top executives, had been siphoning millions of Euros into bogus deals to pay massive bribes to government officials and business contacts to win contracts in Russia and Nigeria. A trial judge described the scandal as a blatant disregard of business ethics and a systematic practice of organized irresponsibility that was implicitly condoned by management. The scandal resulted to the departure of Siemens top executives, including then CEO Klaus Kleinfield, who was later convicted of corruption, placed on probation for 2 years, and fined 160,000 Euro for his complicity. Hans-Werner Hartmann, who was the accounting head in the company’s telecommunications arm, was also placed on probation for 18 months and fined 40,000 Euro. The scandal cost Siemens around 2.5 billion Euro to pay for fines, reparations and damages. The firm was also barred from dealings with certain clients. The cost to Siemens’ employees, who had to endure intense public scrutiny and shame, is difficult to quantify. Organizational factors that contributed to a culture of bribery within Siemens were identified as follows: an aggressive growth strategy that compelled managers to resort to bribes in order to meet performance targets; a complex and matrix-like organizational structure that allowed divisions to operate independently, with no established checks and balances; poor accounting processes; a corporate culture openly tolerant of bribes. It should be noted that bribes were tax-deductible, and were the norms, not the exceptions, in German business practice at that time. Question 4: What obstacles exist for leaders involved in participatory management? What methods may a leader employ to overcome these obstacles? Solution: Participative management, also known as employee involvement and empowerment, encourages the participation of all the organization’s stakeholders in the analysis of problems, development of strategies, and implementation of solutions. While participative management seems like a utopian ideal, leaders face many obstacles in its effective implementation. One obstacle is encouraging the participation of employees in the managerial process of planning and making decisions. Employees may not fully participate due to lack of competencies, lack of confidence, and fear of rejection. Another reason is the employee’s lack of trust that his or her contributions will be valued. The presence of tension and rivalry among employees are also barriers to effective communication, and ability to work together. Leaders can address these issues by being sincere in their desire to implement participative management. Leaders should strengthen communication within the workplace, and initiate team-building activities to strengthen bonds between peers, and between employees and management. Training programs should also be initiated to develop employees’ competencies, leadership skills and self-confidence. Once employees are fully committed to engage in participative management, other obstacles arise, which includes the amplification of the complexity of the organization’s activities and the growing volume of information that managerial decisions are based on. These can lead to difficulty in getting things done, and slow response time to issues that need fast reactions and actions. Leaders cannot solve these obstacles alone; these require the concerted effort of the entire organization. However, leaders can take the lead in delegating responsibilities to reduce the hierarchic levels in the organization, and to decentralized authority so that the organization can respond to issues quickly and efficiently. Leaders can also establish quality circles, which are composed of around 8 to 10 employees along with the supervisor who share areas of responsibility among themselves. These circles can meet regularly to discuss problems in their respective areas and  brainstorm for solutions, which they can later present to the entire organization as a fully developed action plan. In this way, the complexity of participative management is simplified. Another obstacle to participative management concerns security issues. It is harder to ensure confidential information stays within the organization when more people are involved in managerial decisions. This confidential information can include patents, and product research and development. Leaders can address this obstacle by motivating employees to be accountable for their actions and to stay committed to the company by valuing their contributions. Question 5: What are some reasons employees and managers resist change? As a leader, what methods would you use to help employees and managers adapt to change? Solution: Adaptability to change is a prerequisite to become successful in the modern world characterized by increasing global awareness and fast turnover of technology. Organizations must respond to change and be willing to change to retain their competitive edge and relevance. However, implementing organizational changes are daunting for leaders, not least because most employees and managers resist change. The common reasons why employees resist change are the following: change promotes fear, insecurity and uncertainty, difference in perception and lack of understanding, reaction against the way change is presented, cynicism and lack of trust, and threats to vested interest. In order to overcome resistance to change, leaders can involve workers in the change process by openly communicating about the need for change, providing consultation to alleviate employees’ fears, and being sensitive to employees’ concerns. In order to implement change, leaders must decide on the method they will use to overcome resistance to change, and modify behavior. The three-step approach is an example of such a method; it is characterized by three basic stages: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. 1) Unfreezing: Most people prefer to maintain the status quo, which is  associated with stability, rather than confronting the need for change. The starting stage, therefore, of a change process must involve unfreezing old behaviors, processes, and structures. This stage develops an awareness of the need for change, and the forces that supports and resists change. Awareness is facilitated with one-on-one discussions, presentations to groups, memos, reports, company newsletter, seminars, and demonstrations. These activities are designed to educate employees about the deficiencies of the current set-up and the benefits of the replacement. 2) Changing: This stage focuses on learning new behaviors, and implementing the change. Change is facilitated when employees become uncomfortable with the identified deficiencies of the old system, and are presented with new behaviors, role models, and support structures. 3) Refreezing: This stage focuses on reinforcing new behaviors, usually done by positive results, public recognition, and rewards.

I Once Was Blind, but Now I See :: Personal Narrative

I Once Was Blind, but Now I See A sunrise has the power to free us from the dull shade of night. Like clockwork, the sun rises every morning bringing golden rays of light that illuminate the world around us. It provides life to objects that surround us everywhere. The deep green needles of a pine, the crystal blue sky, or even the rich black surface of pavement all owe their color to the trillions of tiny rays that pour down from the sun everyday. Many people go about their everyday lives without even looking at the world around them. Everyday people take for granted what they are able to see. People don’t think about what it would be like if they woke up one morning and the sunrise wasn’t there. What would it be like if all the light from the world was taken away and all that was left was cold lonely darkness? Most people couldn’t answer this question, but I can. When I was in ninth grade, my top concerns in life were things like whom I was going to ask to the dance, making the varsity wrestling team, and hanging out with my buds. I had no real conception of the world around me, except that I was in it. From the second I woke up until the second I went to sleep, I took everything I saw as a given routine. My mother’s emerald green eyes, a fresh red apple, and even the eye-catching sparkle of Nikki Melousky’s braces were some the little things I took for granted every time I saw them. On a chilly January day, one wrestling practice would change my life. The ground was blanketed with a thick sheet of white snow, and it was so cold your fingers went numb after five seconds in the chilly air. I was at wrestling practice and everything was running as usual, except we were sweating bullets. See, the object of a wrestling practice is to sweat weight off, and that’s difficult to do when it is below zero outside. My coach’s solution was to make it hot: ninety-nine degrees hot! When it’s that hot, you sweat so much it makes a puddle. This puddle of sweat would open the window that let me see our world in a different light or, better yet, no light at all. I was a hard worker, but my friend Devon liked to push my buttons when we wrestled.

Projective Techniques Essay

Such tests are based loosely on the psychoanalytic concept of projection, the assumption being that respondents project unconscious aspects of their personalities on to the test items and reveal them in their responses †¦ The website of the Association of Qualitative Practitioners (AQR 2004) defines projective techniques as follows: A wide range of tasks and games in which respondents can be asked to participate during an interview or group, designed to facilitate, extend or enhance the nature of the discussion. Some are known as ‘projective’ techniques, being loosely based on approaches originally taken in a psychotherapeutic setting. These rely on the idea that someone will ‘project’ their own (perhaps unacceptable or shameful) feelings or beliefs onto an imaginary other person or situation †¦ Projective techniques may be used in qualitative as well as quantitative studies (Levy 1994) and they are useful (Boddy 2004b) in both. 240 International Journal of Market Research Vol. 47 Issue 3 Projective techniques are commonly used in qualitative market research (Gordon & Langmaid 1990) where the aim of the techniques is to facilitate the gaining of a deeper understanding of the area being researched. In discussing projective techniques they distance the use of projective techniques in qualitative market research from that of psychoanalytical practice, and suggest a more pedestrian and pragmatic definition: Projection [is] the tendency to imbue objects or events with characteristics or meanings which are derived from our subconscious desires, wishes or feelings. Dichter (1964) defined projection as meaning ‘to project subjective ideas and contents onto an object’, and said that one person could ascribe their own problems or difficulties to someone else. He described these techniques as being widely used in psychological work (Dichter 1960) and said that they are a non-directive interview technique where the respondent can project himself onto another and thus reveal some of the respondent’s own thoughts, feelings and fears. Projective vis-a-vis enabling techniques The market researchers Chandler and Owen (2002) define projective and enabling techniques quite succinctly and in a way with which most qualitative market research practitioners (Gordon & Langmaid 1990; Goodyear 1998) would probably agree. This differentiation is useful to make at the beginning of this paper as the techniques are often used interchangeably and the distinction between them may have become blurred in the minds of some qualitative market researchers. Classically, the idea of a projective technique relates to a device that allows the individual research participant to articulate repressed or otherwise withheld feelings by projecting these onto another character. The idea of enabling techniques relates to a device which allows the individual research participant to find a means of expressing feelings, thoughts and so on which they find hard to articulate. Enabling techniques are held to be the simpler (Will, Eadie & MacAskill 1996) of the two techniques as they just help people to talk about themselves. Will et al. ake the useful distinguishing point that while all projective techniques may be enabling, not all enabling techniques involve projection. Other researchers (Lysaker & Bradley 1957) make the point that even pictorial devices, which do not function as projective techniques 241 Projective techniques in market research (i. e. devices researchers would nowadays refer to as enabling techniques), may still have utility in gener ating responses. Gordon and Langmaid (1990) state that the use of projective as opposed to enabling techniques is a false distinction in market research as the aim of both techniques is to facilitate deeper understanding. However, they do go on to say that in enabling techniques people are asked to do something that itself has no interpretive value (and so doesn’t itself need to be interpreted). In terms of analysis there is a distinction because with enabling techniques the research participants are talking as themselves (that is not to say that this speech should always be taken at face value), whereas with projective techniques the research participants are talking as someone else and the researcher makes the interpretative assumption that they are talking as themselves. This agreement over the definition of projective techniques is about as far as most research textbooks get on the subject. How they are subsequently used is little discussed and how they are then analysed is hardly explicitly touched on at all (Levy 1994; Catterall 1998), which is a situation that has hardly changed from ten or more years ago. This paper aims to look at current reports of how projective techniques are analysed and what support for their reliability and validity exists, and aims to stimulate debate in this area of market research so that a better and more accessible understanding of the subject can be offered to those entering research as potential practitioners, to interested clients, and to researchers who are more used to a quantitative or direct questioning approach. The origins of projective techniques Projective techniques were employed in market research from the 1940s (Catterall & Ibbotson 2000) to encourage research participants to express feelings and attitudes that might otherwise be withheld due to embarrassment or fear if more direct questioning methods were used. Market research originally borrowed (Robson 2000; Boddy 2004a) projective techniques from psychoanalysis and clinical psychology where they are still used (Richman 1996) to gain insights into personality and personality disorders. Projection, as a concept, originated from Freud’s work on paranoia (Lilienfeld, Wood & Garb 2000), where he conceptualised projection as a defence mechanism by which people unconsciously attribute their own negative personality traits to others. Lilienfeld et al. say that Freud’s work 242 International Journal of Market Research Vol. 47 Issue 3 was subsequently developed by psychoanalysts and clinical psychologists. This development was based on the hypothesis that ‘research participants project aspects of their personalities in the process of disambiguating unstructured test stimuli’, and several different techniques were developed such as the well-known Rorschach technique, or ‘ink-blot test’, where subjects are assumed to project aspects of their personality onto the ambiguous features of a set of inkblots. Projective techniques in market research A commonly used completion technique (Gordon & Langmaid 1990; Will et al. 1996) in qualitative market research is ‘bubble drawing’. This is a device based on a technique called the Thematic Apperception Test where, according to Tucker-Ladd (2001), clinical psychologists use a series of standard pictures and ask subjects to make up stories about them. TuckerLadd says that what people see in the pictures says something about themselves and thus reveals their personality. Projective techniques can be used in a variety of market research situations as well as in social and educational research (Catterall & Ibbotson 2000), and these do not have to be aiming at uncovering aspects of personality of any great depth. For example, a bubble drawing was used (Boddy 2004a) by one researcher to uncover students’ underlying attitudes towards the delivery of a lecture on marketing research rather than to uncover any deeper aspects of their own personalities. Projective and enabling techniques are thus useful when research participants have difficulty expressing opinions or feelings and researchers need some way of accessing these from the participants’ minds (Gordon & Langmaid 1990; Kay 2001).

Predestination in Book III of John Miltons Paradise Lost...

Predestination in Book III of Paradise Lost Miltons purpose in Paradise Lost is nothing less than to assert eternal providence and justify the ways of God to men - a most daunting task. For Milton to succeed in his endeavour, he has to unravel a number of theologiccal thorns that have troubled christian philosophers for centuries. Since his epic poem is, essentially, a twelve book argument building to a logical conclusion - the justification of the ways of God to men - he will necessarily have to deal with these dogmatic problems, and, in doing so, reveal his own take on the Christian theology. What we receive in Paradise Lost, however, is Miltons final conclusion concerning these issues; to discover how he worked a†¦show more content†¦But what is implied by Miltons usage of the word? Gods defence in Book III can be broken into four parts: 1-Man was created free, ie. I made him just and right/Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall. This is covered in lines 97-111; 2-It is through free-will that man chose to fall, ie. ...they themselves decreed/Thir own revolt, not I. This is covered in lines 111-119; 3-Though fallen, man shall not lose their free-will, ie. I formd them free, and free they must remain; the notion of the non-mutability of God is also contained here. This is covered in lines 120-128; 4-Using free-will, and through God, man shall be saved, ie. Man therefore shall find grace [...] in Mercy and Justice both. This is covered in lines 129-134, and thus constitutes the final part of Gods full argument and defence. Central to the argument, though, both structurally and in terms importance, is the notion of predestination. The other aspects of the argument - mans free-will, and the means by which they shall be saved - are contained within that single word, for behind it lies the entirety of the argument that Milton lays out in Chapter IV of De Doctrina Christiana. Chapter IV of DeShow MoreRelated Adam in Miltons Paradise Lost Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesAdam in Paradise Lost: Fates Ruler - and Subject A central problem in John Miltons Paradise Lost in the theological issue of free will versus fate, a traditionally much-debated question. Free will is the condition of having control or direction over fate or destiny; the individual shapes his life and future through his actions. The opposing view, complete lack of free will (made famous by John Calvin), is predestination, which expresses the idea that our futures have been foreseen long

The Success Of The American Revolution - 1328 Words

The thirteen American colonies wanted to be free from rule by Great Britain. Freedom would make it possible to create a new kind of government without a king. In the democracy envisioned by the country s earliest leaders, Americans would govern themselves based on certain principles or ideals. Few people at the time thought that the American Revolution would succeed and the Americans could win a war against the world s greatest empire. At the beginning of the war, there was no regular American army, just a militia made up of civilians-and most of them were farmers. Naturally, they were not used to long campaigns or battles with British Regulars, and thousands quit. General Washington begged the Continental Congress to provide a regular army of men enlisted for a long term, but Congress felt that step would violate civil liberties. It was only after so many American defeats threatened the war effort that Congress agreed to offer extra pay to officers and privates and pledged to see t he war to an end. By 1775, tension between the colonies and the mother country had reached the breaking point. British troops in Boston learned that the colonists had hidden a large collection of weapons in nearby Concord. Sons of Liberty Paul Revere and William Dawes rode to warn of the impending British attack by way of the Charles River; the most direct route. Just as the sun was rising on April 19, 1775, British soldiers reached Lexington. Eight Minutemen were killed and several othersShow MoreRelatedThe Success Of The American Revolution1633 Words   |  7 PagesVolumes of scholastic literature, circulated history books, and an array of multiple sources acknowledge Frances’ contributory role in the success of the American Revolution. Prior to discussing their role in the American Revolution, it is important to mention their historical past in the colonies in order to understand why they intervened on behalf of the continentals. Frances’ historical past in the 13 colonies is filled with humiliation and resentment due to their defeat against Great BritainRead MoreThe Success Of The American Revolution1304 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Revolution not only created freedom but also created technological geniuses. The American Revolution was a time period of warfare, for independence between Britain and the thirteen colonies, but it was also the breakthrough for technological advancements that would change American’s life forever. After every war, the development of a country increases. As for the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin influenced and created a huge contribution in his politics, scientifical research, andRead MoreThe Success Of The American Revolution1140 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the beginning of time all organisms have been completing and it has been survival of the fittest. From the founding of Jamestown, Britain was evolving to survive as an empire by establishing colonies that were abused. This lead to The American R evolution which was inevitably arisen from three major problems: power, glory, and greed. These problems were express through many methods such as taxation, war and laws. Since 1660 British Parliament had controlled continental trade and taxes inRead MoreThe Success Of The American Revolution881 Words   |  4 Pagestotalitarian monarchy of England who continuously taxed them. The American colonies wanted their freedom from England because they no longer had a say in England’s government, but were still forced to follow its laws. Thomas Jefferson, the head of the committee to later drafted America’s demand for freedom, went so far as to call England an â€Å"absolute tyranny.† Americans knew their break from England would lead to a war—the American Revolution—but continued to up rise. This lead to many revolts and finallyRead MoreAmerican Militia Success During The American Revolution1383 Words   |  6 PagesJoe Taglienti 11/4/15 Hague Senior Seminar The American Militia Success during the American Revolution The American Revolution marked the beginning of a new era for America, independence from Great Britain. The greatest military power in the world at the time had lost control of one of her most wealthy and rewarding colonies. However, a question arises to who won the war for the colonies? George Washington was the leader of the Continental Army during the war and was mildly successful. However itRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Second Industrial Revolution1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Second Industrial Revolution, which reached its peak during 1870 to 1914, marked a significant turning point in American history. Before this era of progression and industrial excellence, America was on the verge of expansion like never before. From the vast amounts of land gained through the Annexation of Texas in 1845, the British retreating from Oregon in 1846, and the Mexican cession of Southwest territory guaranteed by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo of 1848, (Engelman) America was ableRead MoreRe volution Dbq1112 Words   |  5 PagesThe Revolution was affected before the war commenced.   The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people...This radical change in the principles, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution.   Explain the meaning of this 1818 statement by John Adams (referring to the Revolutionary era) and assess its validity. 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It is believed that American Revolution wa s the most important chapter in human history just because it was their action that made the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice to materialize. The American Revolution had a very big significance worldwide as it changed the world not by removing and altering of power in any of the states but by the appearance of the newRead MoreHistory : The American Revolution1442 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral quality, which was strongly held in the people’s hearts in America, and it consequently spread to other countries in the world. It is believed that American Revolution was the most important chapter in human history just because it was their action that made the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice to materialize. The American Revolution had a very big significance worldwide as it changed the world not by removing and altering of power in any of the states but by the appearance of the new

The Birth of Heroes and the Rise of Filipino Nationalism

The Birth of Heroes and the Rise of Filipino Nationalism By Richard Rivera The middle 18th century in the Philippines was a period of perpetual destabilization. The islands are slowly being reconfigured—both physically and in socio-economic terms. On the surface, geophysical forces are making physical transformations, complimenting the deeper and more serious reconstruction happening within the colonial society. A new socio-economic class composed of Chinese mestizos and Indio professionals is emerging, and starting to dominate both the economic and political landscape. Creoles, pure-blooded Spaniards assigned to administer these groups of islands in the Far East, are slowly being eased out. Socio-economic relations are starting†¦show more content†¦Was this a sign from above, a portent of things to come? Years before, hordes of conquered natives assisted by marauding Chinese and Indian migrants, stormed the capital and left it for dead. They killed every Spaniard in sight, only to be repulsed by Tagalog mercenaries. Or is Ladia the Bornean, and a descendant of Lakandula, and who led a revolt two years before, just suddenly rose from the grave and tried to again raise the people to revolt? Or, this was punishment from God against Manilenos for not supporting their compatriots in Zambales and Pampanga who are now rising against the Spanish? For whatever it is, the quake was a reminder of how deadly Nature’s wrath is. For many Filipinos and Chinese living in Manila at that time, this was not just a quake. This was the Fates telling the Filipinos to rise up against their oppressors. This is Bernardo Carpio speaking from the caves of Montalban, trying to wrestle his chains and trying desperately to break free. Two hundred and fifty years later, no one ever thought that this tragic scene will ever repeat itself, much the same way as in 1645. The year was June 3, 1863. Manilenos had just finished saying the Angelus and most were enjoying their simple meals together when, at half past seven, the church bells rang. It was customary to ring the bells thrice. This evening, however, the bells continued ringing. The sounds grew louder and longer, accompanied by loud crashing andShow MoreRelatedFilipino Adolescents in Changing Times*10342 Words   |  42 Pagesgenerally effective and efficient for many reasons. These include a lack of common understanding of the action requirements of the RH framework and an insufficiency of current and relevant data on many aspects of the reproductive health situation of Filipino women and men of various ages and socio-economic status. Serious data gaps exist in the areas of adolescent sexuality, greater male involvement in RH, cancer incidence and management, post-abortion care as well as the cultural context of reproductiveRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesconceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate, very often connect in important ways with these and other major developments. The opening essays of this collection underscore the

Media Too Powerful Essay Example For Students

Media Too Powerful? Essay Exposure to the media is a constant event. It begins as soon as the radio or television are turned on, or as soon as a newspaper or magazine are opened.. The television, radio, newspaper and magazines are all ready to give us their spin on the top stories of the day. Some try to give us facts, with as little of their input and thoughts as possible, some work only on rumors and inuendoes, while others give us facts but slanted to their way of thinking (Kurtz 1). The media contributes to public opinion and provides understanding of the news. The media entertains us, watches government and social institutions, and gives the public information for debate and discussion about local and international affairs. The media and journalists are protected under the lst Amendment, but does freedom of the press imply the freedom to be sensational, to be biased, to be inaccurate? Does the lst Amendment protect the media if it prints or discusses lewd or pornographic material at the expense of the ge neral public? The government needs to take control of the media (Stengel 3). There is a need to get accurate information that is unbiased. The media needs to be held accountable and not hide behind its cries of free speech and censorship. With some restrictions and some intergity, the media will still have plenty to report, debate, review, and still be a watch dog of sorts. The government is here for the protection of the people, and there are some areas that the media only endangers our safety, whether it is on health issues, privacy issues, or in international affairs. There are some places that the media does not have a very good perspective on national security or individual privacy (Stengel 1). The government could look at ways to assist the media on a bi-partisan approach. It is time the media and our government does what is best for the American people, not for personal or political gain (Hannon 3). Government should put restrictions on the areas the media can report. Newspapers and magazines shape Americas views and opinions. Newspapers have diverse content, producing in-depth stories and news analysis. They represent many perspectives with a wide range in subject matter. Newspapers do investigating reporting, express personal opinion, reviews, as well as gossip. Some newspapers are gossip oriented, while others are news and analysis oriented. There are specialized newspapers that have mass appeal with a national view (Merrill 1). Magazines appeal mainly to the elite, well-educated, and the opinion leaders. Generally, magazines are more incisive, interpretive and more comprehensive than newspapers (Merrill 3). The main function of newspapers are to inform and summarize, while magazines explain, criticize, interpret and comment. Magazines supplement newspapers (Berninghausen 4). Radio and television have a significant place among the media. Radio mainly provides entertainment, although National Public Radio provides facts, views and opinions on ma ny subjects. National Public Radio is noncommercial and is supported by the government as well as the public through donations (Merrill 3). Television produces on the spot broadcasts of major events, documentaries, political views and opinions, terrorist episodes, and international crises. Through satellites, news is flashed instantly from all over the world. With cable television, some stations produce news reports twenty-four hours a day. Since the mid-1990s, two-thirds of our nations homes are equipped with cable. The broadcast networks, including public television, are discussing new strategies for presenting the news (Beringhausen 8). The media has had a major impact on trials. They put forward information, interview prosecutors, attorneys, the accused, the accused relatives, and with all the information that is given, facts, opinions and views all seem to become distorted. It isnt possible for all to be telling the truth, and even when the accused goes to trial and a verdict i s reached, the media second guesses what the judge and jury were thinking (Ross 1). Public opinion has no place in a trial. A judge and jury reaches a verdict based on the laws that pertain to a crime. The facts should be laid out and a decision made based on those facts (Ross 2). The Freeman of Montana were tried via the television before and during the trial by the media. The views of the Freeman seemed so obsurd to the majority of the American public, it was a great topic for the media to pursue. It involved the rights of individuals as well as the rights of government. In essence, it placed the government against its own citizens. The Montana Freemen refuse to recognize the United States justice system. They would not participate in their own trial and felt they were above the laws of the United States. They had formed their own state and governing body. The Freeman are currently in jail awaiting additional trials under the United States jurisdiction (Pellegrini 1). Oprah Winfre y felt she won a victory for free speech after a jury said she was not liable for disparaging statements made during her talk show about cattle. A cattlemen group sued her for her opinions stated on television. Their arguement was that with free speech comes responsibility. Paul Engler, who was the first to file suit, felt Winfrey and her guest made false statements about U.S. beef and that her show was consistently sensationalistic. Winfrey has a talk show that is among the highest rated shows during that time slot. Her opinion is taken as statement of fact by her viewers. The cattlemen felt that because of her opinion and her importance in the media field, they had lost millions of dollars. The jury was unanimous in their acquital of Winfrey (Chandler 1). The Oklahoma City bomb trial had so much media attention that the judge ordered that the jury be shrouded in secrecy. This meant that the media did not have access to the jurors biographical information and they were partially shielded in court behind a partition. The judge claimed the partition was built to keep the jury focused, not to keep the spectators from seeing the jury. The judge also required a gag order on the attorneys. The judge ruled that the court of public opinion was closed until the trial had a verdict. A media lawyer suggested the public is better informed when attorneys discuss what is transpiring publicly, but the judge suggested their aim was to confuse the public (Ross 1). Paranoid Schizopreina EssayThe news media in California has some restrictions imposed when they seek access to school grounds, including registration, accompanied by a staff member while on school grounds and denial of permission to enter classes that are in session. School officials can require the news media to leave the school grounds if their presence interferes with the peaceful conduct of educational activities. The school district may not require parental permission before allowing members of the news media to interview students. School officials have the authority to deny acess to members of the news media, as they may deny access to anyone, if their presence would interfere with the peaceful conduct of the school activities (Kronick 2). In California, restrictions were placed on the media in regards to access to prisons and executions. Journalists were banned from conducting any face to face interviews with specific prison inmates. The media claims this hampers their abilities to convey to the public the true conditions of Californias prisons. It also deprives the tax-paying public the avenue of oversight into the administration of the states penal system. There was an attempt to reverse this ban, but the governor of California vetoed it. The San Francisco Bay Guardian maintains this ban has hurt the public and the prisoners (The San Francisco Bay Guardian 2). The United States is not alone in its attempt to regulate and restrict the media. Britons have called for restrictions on the British media after the relentless press pursuit of Princess Diana. Some Britons want a privacy bill to stop all the media from pursuit of celebrities and ordinary people.The media is accused of the aggressive intrusion into Princess Di anas privacy that lead to her death. Currently, the British press is largely free of state intrusion. The government uses contempt on court and defamation laws to keep the media in check. The British press is trying to distance itself from the celebrity photographers, referred to as the paparazzi, claiming they are a law unto themselves (Barlow 3). Our President has been the focus of our media. In an attempt to rush scoops, journalist tend to exaggerate small distinctions and use unreliable information to produce a story. Rumor becomes allegation, then allegation becomes fact. The reports state that something may have happened with a Whitehouse intern. The press named this scandal Zippergate, and by the second day of hearing of the alledge incident, the media was already talking about resignation and impeachment (Stengel 1). The rumors spread like a virus. The general public hears so many conflicting reports, the easiest answer would be just to turn it off. The media has made a job out of taking polls on the Presidents popularity, honesty, and personal morals. They try to judge how much damage the accusations have cost him and his presidency. The media has yet to show how this is beneficial to the American public. It has shown how the media benefits from it, with increased sales of newspapers and higher ratings with news broadcasts. The thing that is lost in the effort to get the big story is perspective (Stengel 3). The media has a large influence over political candidates. With the advances in telecommunication tools such as telephones, faxes, and computers and with live television coverage of candidates, the media is able to deliver a campaign message and gauge public opinion (DeGroat 1). Candidates are subject to much greater scrutiny, with greater emphasis on raw coverage, talk shows, town-hall meetings, and live television segments.With just the way the media asks a question, they can slant how the public will view the candidate (Kurtz 1). Talk radio has changed political campaigns and the way the country reacts and pursues issues. With news operations becoming increasingly competitive, many reporters lack the background to do their work adequately. The media has been accused of herd behavior, but CNN blames the chaotic environment that journalist operate in. One of the biggest problems in the media is the porportion of importance of each story (Kurtz 3). Governments have restrictions it ca n impose on the media. They can restrict or restrain the press from publishing matter considered seditious, libelous, or obscene. Freedom of the press has been limited in the areas of obscenity and pornography, although the courts have had difficulty in setting standards of censorship. The media can be barred from criminal proceedings (Berninghausen 8). Restrictions of the media occurs during times of national emergency . The future of a free press in the United States depends on public opinion, the legislative agencies, and the courts (Francis 2). Freedom of the press should not come before individual rights to privacy or what is best for the country . The media should verify what are facts and what are inuendoes. They should be held accountable for the information that is reported, and be held to verify information instead of going for sensationalism. Prominent individuals, celebrities, and ordinary individuals should not feel threatened by the media. The media is a special interest group of sorts, having their own special interest at heart, and should not be given a protection to hide behind. As rules and laws are made for the benifit of all citizens, media intergity should take on a new dimension. The media is caught between freedom and responsibility, with government taking a stand on issues regarding individual rights to privacy and national security, it gives the media their First Amendment right but also ensures each citizen their rights. English Essays