Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Business law - Essay Example The focal point of this examination is to assess how far the law goes to find some kind of harmony between lawful sureness and â€Å"just decisions† in setting of the focal legitimate zones of out of line excusal, representative status and separation law. In the event that we initially think about representative status, area 230 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA) characterizes a worker as â€Å"an person who has gone into or works under (or, where the business has stopped, worked under) an agreement of employment†. The segment 230 definition has been censured for being ambiguous1 and it is important to allude to the customary law test for characterizing the status of a worker, which isn’t without its restrictions. The beginning stage for deciding if an individual is a worker is the â€Å"control† test2. This was built up for the situation if Yewens v Noakes3, where Bramwell LJ attested that â€Å"A worker is an individual dependent upon the order of his lord with respect to the way wherein he will do his work4†. Be that as it may, financial improvements in the work showcase have changed the state of business status, consequently subverting the appropriateness of the control test as a sole determinant of work status5. This was additionally recognized by the Court of Appeal on account of Walker v Crystal Palace FC6, where the control test was given an alternate inclination by concentrating on whether the business reserved the option to control the foundation courses of action for the work, for example, when and where the work was done, installments and occasion privileges. Be that as it may, the Walker augmentation of the control test was additionally formed into the â€Å"integration† test as propounded by Lord Denning on account of Stevenson Jordan and Harrison v MacDonald and Evans7 â€Å"†¦under an agreement of administration, a man is utilized as a major aspect of the business and his work is done as a basic piece of the business; though under an agreement for administrations, his work, albeit accomplished for

Gulf Cooperation Council's Foreign Policy Essay

Bay Cooperation Council's Foreign Policy - Essay Example This paper means to analyze the GCC’s changing international strategies towards driving players in the area, particularly, the GCC’s essential order being to advance, ensure and seek after the interests of its part states. The Gulf Cooperation Council is a coalition of nations with comparative political and financial interests, whose essential center is to encourage the political and monetary advancement of its part states.1 The GCC looks to reinforce the local relations through expanded coordinated efforts between national states in the inlet; solidarity in political and monetary relationship between national states inside the area is only an unfortunate obligation for the part expresses the end itself is political and financial success that is sponsored with solid monetary forms and a large group of common assets. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), as a political and monetary partnership, has been in presence for more than 30 years now since its beginning; the union goes back in history to 30 years prior when it was established in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on May 1981.2 The GCC coalition has been operational from that point forward cutting-edge, and the organizer nations combined dependent on two principle vital reasons-advancement of political dependability and financial thriving. As it were, the coalition was shaped simply out of the need by part states to join endeavors to getting strategically and financially steady; the partnership was in this way a key move to reinforce the political and monetary security of the area. The Gulf Cooperation Council is comprised of six Middle Eastern nations that are found in the inlet district; these six nations incorporate Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain and Qatar.3 Being a provincial coalition, all the part nations share various things practically speaking, and are dependent upon comparative financial, political, natural and

Helpful Tips on How to Write a Good Paper For College

Helpful Tips on How to Write a Good Paper For CollegeI'm going to give you some helpful tips on how to write a good paper for college. You want to make sure that it is well written and a high standard of quality. Writing a paper can be a long and difficult process, but it does not have to be that way.There are many different ways that you can go about this. Before you begin, you want to make sure that you sit down and do some research about how to write a good paper for college.The first thing that you should do is to make sure that you know what you're writing about. You want to make sure that you take a little time to research your topic and make sure that you are as knowledgeable as possible on it. That way you will be able to make your papers not only easy to read, but they will also be very well researched.Next, you want to make sure that you know some interesting topics to write about. Some topics to write about may seem a little bit different than others, but you can still wri te them and make them interesting. In fact, some students think that they can just copy information from other books and then use them in their papers.The third thing that you need to do when learning how to write a good paper for college is to make sure that you are organized. In order to make your paper's flow smoothly, you need to organize them properly. No matter what topic you choose, you want to make sure that you are able to organize them in the best way possible.The fourth thing that you need to remember when learning how to write a good paper for college is to make sure that you get all of your facts and information together. After you have studied the topic thoroughly, you need to make sure that you know all of the information that you need to include in your paper. If you don't, you may be surprised at how you look.Finally, a great way to ensure that you are organized is to take notes. Make sure that you take your notes, no matter what topic you choose. This will help you organize your thoughts, and it will also make it easier for you to find the things that you need to find as you go through your work.Now that you have all of the information that you need to make sure that you are able to write a great paper, I hope that you continue to learn new techniques as you learn how to write a good paper for college. Good luck! Remember, a good paper starts with you, so make sure that you enjoy the process!

The Negative Effects Of Internet Addiction - 1545 Words

In the society we live in today, the internet has become a dominant force in our lives. The ones who are exposed the most to it are the ones who are in the most danger. In particular, teenagers are the ones in harm’s way mainly due to the fact that they spend the most time on the internet whether it be for academics or for leisure activities. However, when do we know when internet usage is too much? The effect of the increase of social media and technology has affected our teenagers is more than we know and the effects are only going to get worse as technology becomes a bigger focal point in our lives. The effects of social media on teenagers range from internet dependence and addiction, privacy information being leaked to other problems†¦show more content†¦It’s no secret that over the past few years, our society has experienced numerous technological advancements in various industries including the internet. However, many may argue that some of these advancem ents have only brought more problems, temptations and potential dangers for children and teens. This is a growing concern to many, because according to a study conducted by the Pew Research Center, â€Å"93% of teens ages 12†17 go online, as do 93% of young adults ages 18†29†. What is even more concerning is that many parents do not have any idea of what their child does online nor the amount of information they release of themselves. When the internet was developed, no one would have imagined how big it would become. However, we all use the internet practically every day in different ways. While some may use it for business relations, other individuals may use it for socializing and connecting with others. Susan Barnes is the author of Privacy Paradox: Social Networking in the U.S., in the article, Barnes describes how easily teens reveal their information online and the problems that are arising from it. Additionally, she brings awareness to a growing problem b ecause of Web Blogging. Among young teens, Web Blogging is becoming extremely popular. In their blogs, most teens talk about their personal lives,Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Internet Addiction1577 Words   |  7 Pagesof course is in reference to the internet. In this day and era, it is impossible to function without the internet. It has been etched into our daily lives – our lives do depend on it in the very literal sense! While the internet has several negative impacts, it has a couple of positive effects as well. Along with oxygen and food, internet has been added onto the list of necessities for survival – especially for the newer and upcoming generation. Internet addiction disorder (IAD) was proposed longRead MoreNegative Effects Of Internet Addiction808 Words   |  4 PagesNegative Effects of Internet Addiction Currently, people utilize the internet frequently a lot of type of internet addiction. Some youngsters, however, are addicted to the internet. They spend more time playing online games and watching TV shows on the internet, which means they stop going outside with their friends and even if stop going to schools. Internet should benefit people. But a number of people are controlled by internet. In other words, internet addiction will influence people in someRead MoreNegative Effects Of Internet Addiction935 Words   |  4 Pageswork or study but ended up playing video games and surfing the internet? It is believed that a lot of people feel like this. Nowadays, we live in a world with highly developed internet and electronic devices. The highly advanced internet makes our lives better, which is non-debatable, but there are also some drawbacks brought up by improper internet usage and one of the most influential symptoms is Internet addiction. Internet addiction affects people by causi ng the deterioration of the quality ofRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Internet Addiction1134 Words   |  5 Pages The internet can change the life. Peoples lives are becoming more and more efficient, especially after the development of the Internet. Nowadays, internet addiction is beginning to spread among people, especially for people who do not have enough self-control and cognitive power. People tend to indulge on the internet, cut off the connection with the real society, and make the distance between people more and more far away. More terrible things are disorders will be born due to internet addictionRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Internet Addiction Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagestalks about the positive aspects of the Internet. Although she mainly focuses on the positive she also contradicts herself and mentions some negative aspects. â€Å"Twenty-plus years ago, high school students didn’t have the Internet to store their trivia†(Goldwasser 238). Those u nfamiliar with this school of thought may be interest to know that it basically boils down to the fact that over the years the Internet has become a necessity in ones life. Although the Internet provides sufficient information, andRead MoreThe Effects Of Internet On The Internet1224 Words   |  5 PagesNegative Effects of the Internet Over time, the Internet is one of the best inventions and source to get knowledge about any desired aspect. Using the Internet has become a necessary, daily routine. The Internet has allowed people to stay in contact with others, be updated with the latest things happening in the world, and get knowledge of anything we want within seconds. However, the Internet is not just benefiting people but also harming people. The overuse of Internet has brought many negativeRead MoreInternet Addiction Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagesof violent video game affect adolescences have bad habits, the main reason is they get addicted to the internet. Huge negative effects appear if teenagers get addicted to the internet, including can not live without a cell phone, internet addiction disorder and there are negative effects of the internet violent game. Due to the internet is convenient and cell phones can connect with the internet, teenagers can not live without their cellphone and it has lots of problems. First of all,young peopleRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1564 Words   |  7 PagesWithin recent years the Internet and computer technology have made great advancements, allowing for the age of social media to be born and subsequently shaped into what it is today. Social media has become so largely desirable to modern day society due to its large and easy accessibility amongst citizens. However, social networking sites such as Facebook have been found to have negative impacts on individual’s social and psychological well being including things such as basic empathetic social skills1Read MoreEssay Adolescent Internet Addiction 1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of the internet has become essential to today’s world with the availability of all types of information found at the click of a computer mou se. For adolescents the internet can help with schoolwork, but it also provides a platform for communication and entertainment with the world. Because relationships, information and gaming are readily available, it is possible for adolescents to become addicted to the internet and what it offers. The desire to be connected to the internet can inhibit anRead MoreInternet Addiction And Its Negative Impact1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Buzz about Internet Addiction and its Negative Impact Meta Description: The internet connects millions of people, providing information, entertainment and communication platform. HealthyHow2 is a leading resource for well-researched medical information. Internet Addiction The internet has become an integral component of our life, and this has greatly transformed the way we access information, communicate and do our work. Added to this fact, the internet is widely available in people’s homes

Hate Crimes - 850 Words

Hate Crimes By Grady Strickland Hate Crimes care awful and yet they happen every day. The thought that a hate crimes can happen anytime anywhere is not something that crosses everyone’s mind daily. Within this essay we will cover the typical individual who commits hate crimes, who the targets or victims of hate crimes are, what the causes and effects of hate crimes are, and what actions can be taken to minimize the amount and occurrence of hate crimes. Unfortunately hate crimes have been a part of the United States, prior to the United States being named. They are a part of our history as Americans, though it is not good history, it is still there. â€Å"A hate crime is usually defined by state law as one that involves threats, harassment,†¦show more content†¦Open knowledge about these differences should be held in high regard. Hate crime committers that change their ways often speak of being the way they were because they feared the unknown, they did not see a person, and all they saw was the dif ference. Another way to reduce hate crimes would be to openly speak out about them as much as possible, even the smallest of the small crimes should be heard. That way everyone will begin to see it is still a large problem and not something that has died away with time. References: Works Cited staff, C. W. (2011, 05 17). McDonalds attack suspects face hate crime charges. Retrieved 16 March, 2012, from CNN.com: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/05/16/maryland.mcdonalds.beating/index.html?iref=allsearch USLegal. (2011). Hate Crime Law amp; Legal Definition. Retrieved 16 March, 2012, from USLegal.com: http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/hate-crime/ Watts , A., amp; DiGiacomo, J. (2010, 06 05). Black mans death, subsequent dragging investigated as a hate crime. Retrieved 16 March, 2012, from CNN:Show MoreRelatedHate Crime : Hate Crimes1454 Words   |  6 PagesHate Crimes Hate crimes, two small words with a very big meaning. Hate crimes are happening everywhere, some hit the news, some go into newspapers and others don’t even make it to the point of any social awareness at all. Hate crimes are a targeted attack, one that should not be taken lightly. While hate crime laws infringe on free speech rights, acts of hate should be criminalized because groups of hate crimes have had a huge impact on social behavior for a long period of time, hate crimes victimizeRead MoreHate Crimes Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesCrimes I. Intro-What is a hate crime . A hate crime is when a person intentionally selects a victim because of the race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation. A person who commits a hate crime can come from any background and be any race. The term hate crime is meant to differentiate criminal behavior that is caused by prejudice from behavior that is motivated by greed jealously, anger, politics and like. Hate groups differ from one another in terms of membershipRead MoreThe Issue Of Hate Crimes2025 Words   |  9 Pagesfacing in the world are hate crimes. Despite this being a major issues, there appears to be no solution in sight to put a stop to hate crimes. For this paper I chose to focus on hate crimes I can gain more knowledge about this topic and because it s something that I have personally experienced. Throughout U.S. history, a significant proportion of all murders, assaults, and acts of vandalism have been fueled by hatred. As Native Americans have been described as the f irst hate crime victims, members ofRead MoreEssay on hate crimes661 Words   |  3 Pages Defining Hate Crimes Hate crimes has become an increasing problem here in the united states ranging from racial hatred to gender discrimination but what are hate crimes? According to Dr. Jack McDevitt, a criminologist at Northeastern University in Boston Hate crimes are message crimes, Hate crimes are defined as crimes that are violent act against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with. The coined term â€Å"hate crimes† was first used No matterRead MoreHate Crimes Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesare the roots of the violence/hate crimes today in our contemporary society? What can we do to reduce them? Explain. The world is full of HATE. What is this word? What makes someone HATE someone else enough to kill or harm another human being? Hate crimes are criminal actions intended to harm or intimidate people because of their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or other minority group status. They are also referred to as bias crimes. Hate crimes have been going on in the worldRead MoreHate Crimes Laws And Hate Crime1543 Words   |  7 PagesHate Crimes What is a hate crime? Although the definition can vary based on what groups are included (Cogan, 2006, p. 174) the simplest definition would be, violence against a person or group of people based on their gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, race or disability (Burgess, Regehr, Roberts, 2013). Hate Crimes do not just effect the victim but also the community. Those who become victims of hate crime are not chosen at random, it is because of the group they identify with orRead MoreEssay on Hate Crime Analysis1420 Words   |  6 PagesHate Crime Analysis Kim Hull CJA/540 Criminological Theory October 13, 2011 Facilitator David Mailloux CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I  certify that  the attached  paper is my original work. I am familiar with, and acknowledge my responsibilities which are part of, the University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity. I affirm that any section of the paper which has been submitted previously is attributed and cited as such, and that this paper has not been submitted by anyone else.  I haveRead MoreHate Crimes, By Nelson Mandela1393 Words   |  6 PagesHate crimes consist of actions done against individuals or groups of people as a result of prejudice attitudes. These prejudices are based on race, religion, ethnicity or sexual orientation. Some crimes even go so far as to display actions against gender or physical and mental abilities (McDevitt, J., Levin, J., Bennett, S, 2002). As Nelson Mandela stated, a hateful attitude against others must be learned (Brainz, n.d.). Hate crimes are a learned attitude of prejudice against others because ofRead MoreThe Crime Of Hate Crimes1607 Words   |  7 P agesHate crimes are very common in today’s society, they can range from various ethnicities and orientations as well as the severity of the crime committed. A hate crime is defined as â€Å"the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious, sexual orientation, or disability. The purveyors of hate use explosives, arson, weapons, vandalism, physical violence, and verbal threats of violence to instill fear in their victimsRead MoreReligion and Hate Crimes Essay2507 Words   |  11 PagesIn 2007, according to the Federal Bureau Investigation of the Nation’s law enforcement agencies â€Å"there were 9,535 victims of hate crimes; of these victims17.1 percent were victimized because of a bias against a religious belief which totaled to be 1,628 victims of an anti-religious hate crime† (1). Almost ten thousand people were victims of hate crimes alone in 2007. That is something to be alarmed about because part of living in the U.S.A as minority is to have freedom to do and be anything you

Human Trafficking Essay - 1378 Words

Annotated Bibliography including five citations in APA documentation format, each with a brief summary paragraph: in your own words, write a two-three sentence summary the source’s main point and identifying key expert views or evidence which will help support specific points in your outline. Human Trafficking in the United States of America I.Introduction I’ve chosen to cover this topic because now more than ever news specials are being broadcast and even though each story as similar as the next they’re very captivating. The statistics on this issue is overwhelming and it involves just about every type of criminal act known. It’s become an absolute phenomenon in the United States of America. Criminal Justice entails the following†¦show more content†¦The Council crafted the following operational definition to guide policy development on trafficking in persons: Trafficking is all acts involved in the recruitment, abduction, transfer, harboring, auction or acceptance of a person or persons; within national or across global limits. These types of recruitments are done through force, fraud or trickery; to place persons in a circumstance of slavery or slavery-like conditions, forced labor or services, such as prostitution or sexual services, domestic servitude, bonded sweatshop labor or other debt bondage (E.M. Gozdziak, 2005) B. To identify an issue is one thing; but when it comes to actually getting down to the facts and statics that’s when it really hits home and makes you think. The United States is a main receiver of trafficked persons. It is estimated that 15,000 to 50,000 of globally trafficked victims arrive in the United States each year (L. Jones, 2007). Between 2001 and 2005, the United States effectively convicted 138 human traffickers (L. Jones, 2007). An astounding 80% of the victims are women and over 50% are children. Even manual labor trafficking, frequently considered a male dominated dilemma, is now considered to be dominated by women worldwide (Human Trafficking Awareness Partnership, 2010). In the US, 32% of all labor trafficking victims are women (Human TraffickingShow MoreRelatedThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1061 Words   |  5 Pagesare approximately twenty to thirty million slaves in the world today. Unfortunately due to trafficking being a fast growing cri me it is very difficult to identify and locate these organizations and victims. Although there are many groups created to support victims, not enough awareness is being made and not enough action is being applied to stop human trafficking. Sex trafficking is a form of human trafficking that has been a worldwide issue since ancient times, but regularly forgotten, due to it beingRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking886 Words   |  4 Pages(Attention catcher)What if somebody came into your life and guaranteed a better lifestyle, but instead you were enslaved into human trafficking? Human trafficking is when a person is abducted from their current situation and mostly likely used for sex slavery. Furthermore, did you know human trafficking increased over the years? (Listener relevance) Although you may not be as aware in your comfortable surroundings, you should always be aware of suspicious vehicles and people. Even though we enjoyRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking930 Words   |  4 Pagesman. Regardless of the reasons, there are nearly 30 million victims of human trafficking globally. There are more slaves now than ever before. Trafficking of persons is not a subject that should be ignored or tak en lightly. In order to fully understand the enormity of this crisis, we will examine the root causes, facts, and the impact of human trafficking throughout the world. There are several factors to why human trafficking exists: poverty, governmental instability, natural disasters, addictionRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking3494 Words   |  14 Pagesended, never to return, they go back and sneak into our communities in severe forms by human trafficking crimes. When humanity eliminated the phenomenon of human slavery, it returned in different pictures and forms, combining them enslaving people, through the recruitment, transportation, transfer of people by force and threat, and using and exploiting them in different ways. Among the victims of human trafficking crimes, there are those who are subjected to sexual exploitation, labor exploitationRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The Trafficking901 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Smuggling and trafficking continues to be a worldwide plague that has been, thus far been largely ignored by the international community. The paramount reason human trafficking and smuggling has festered and grown roots and spread globally. It started as a grassroots effort on the local level where women and girls (it affects boys as well) would be used and sold for sex. Eventually, greed and corruption tagged along for the ride and at that point the crimes became an organized enterprise. AtRead MoreThe Human Of Human Trafficking Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1865, the practice of it is still very alive today. Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the buying and selling of people, whether it s for forced labor or commercial sex. Every year, thousands of adults and childre n, especially girls, are forced into the endless trafficking ring. â€Å"The International Labour Organization estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally† (â€Å"The Facts†). The human trafficking industry is a worldwide network that is worth an estimatedRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking Essay1752 Words   |  8 PagesIn this essay, the history of human trafficking will be examined, followed by who is affected by trafficking. Next the scope and types of exploitation will be discussed. Human trafficking is an issue that affects countries all over the world. Governments have made an effort to curb trafficking, however these efforts have been very narrowly focused. American ignorance has led to poor handling of the issues by policy makers. Finally the essay will discuss a proposed solution and set some goals forRead MoreHuman Trafficking1355 Words   |  6 PagesRigdon November 16, 2014 Human Trafficking and its Dire Effects. Human Trafficking in the United States is something not a lot of people discuss. Most think it is only something that happens in third world countries, but in fact could be happening in their hometown. According to Protocol to Prevent, Subdue and Punish Trafficking in Persons, human trafficking in the modern world entails transfer of persons by use of applied force. Other methods used to enforce the trafficking include use of deceptionRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Sex Trafficking1850 Words   |  8 Pagesof human sex trafficking come to one s mind. The United States of America is not immune to this type of horrific behavior. America is the land of the free and yet something as awful as human sex trafficking occurs in our very own backyard each and everyday. According to the Department of Homeland Security the definition of human trafficking is â€Å"modern day slavery that involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act† (â€Å"What Is Human Trafficking?†)Read MoreSex Trafficking And Human Trafficking Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human trafficking brings in billions of dollars into the U.S and all around the world. â€Å"The prime motive for such outrageous abuse is simple: money. In this $12 billion global business just one woman trafficked into the industrialized world can net her captors an average $67,000 a year† (Baird 2007). The laws around human trafficking are not strict and vary depending on what country it is happening in. Human trafficking is not something that is strictly foreign, it

Singapore Savings Bond Task Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Singapore Savings Bond Task. Answer: Introduction This study deals with identifying one of the strategy or policy under Singapore Savings Bond that is properly selected and approved[1]. In this particular assignment, proper emphasis has been given on selecting a strategy and this is passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond. It is desired by every single person that they would like an investment where there is zero risk and high double digit returns with full liquidity. This combination is hard to find but the study would definitely bring out some of the strategy used that will benefit both investor and borrower in long run. The current segment properly explains about investment strategy that is advised to the individual for using for a time span of 10 year to get higher and better returns. Passive investors aims at replicating market performance by way of constructing well-diversified portfolios of individual stocks as it is the process that need further extensive research[2]. Singapore Savings Bond Task for one of the strategy or policy selected and approved The investment strategy used by Singapore Savings Bond provides proper insights of information about bond investments[3]. The discussion here about strategy selected and approved by Singapore Savings Bond and this is investment strategy that will be discussed in the next segments. The features of Singapore Savings Bonds as follows: Liquidity- One of the features of Singapore Savings Bonds is liquidity and this means flexible redemption. Here, the money is kept in the Singapore Savings Bonds for as long as needed. At the time of withdrawal, the funds can be transferred back within a period of month and there will be no charge of penalty. Safety- One of the features of Singapore Savings Bonds is safety and this means guaranteed principal. Individuals will always get investment amount back in full that include earned interest with no capital losses[4]. Higher returns- One of the features of Singapore Savings Bonds is higher returns this means up to 90x more interest as compared to banks. Here, the interest earned increases from 0.9% to 3.4% as it depends on how long an individual had invested such as maximum of 10 years. Limits- One of the features of Singapore Savings Bonds is limits that mean low minimums. These good features as well as returns means investing that is capped at $50,000 per purchase as it is the issue limit and overall limit is $1,00,000 total. Lower fees- One of the features of Singapore Savings Bonds is low fees that means flat application fees. Here, the bank charges a transaction fee of $2 for each of the applications as well as redemption request[5]. Key objectives and major stakeholders affected and their interests Key objective of passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond is that individual get dependable cash flow for a period of 10 years. Here, the interest payments will be paid for every 6 months that will be on time, every time and tax-free Key objective of passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond is that individual will get back principal and 100% of capital investment at maturity where no early termination of bond investment are done by the issuer [6] Investment is guaranteed. The principal investment done by an individual in Singapore Savings Bonds will be guaranteed by the Singapore Government as it means transferring money under the pillow to Singapore Savings Bonds. Reducing transaction costs [7] Eliminating the hassle of frequent transactions Eliminating reinvestment risk at the time of tenure of bond investment Global factor that has influenced its implementation and outcome, be it positive or negative One of the positive factors is passive bond investment strategy of Singapore Savings Bond where the investment strategy is the simplest plan that should be adopted by both men as well as women in the retail streets of Singapore. Passive investing is also known as buy and hold strategy that takes into account buying a security with the intention of owing it for many years. Like other active traders, it is noted that passive investors are not attempting for gaining profit from any of the short-term fluctuations or market timing. The principal assumptions underpin the passive investment strategy where the market predominantly posts positive returns for given time span. Appraisal of its performance in terms of any of the two metrics There are several advantages to the passive bond in investment strategy. The first merit is if an individual adopt passive investment strategy, they become a long-term bond investor. The next merit is earning interest for every 6 months of time span and upon maturity; the individual will get the principal as well[8]. Fit to root problem or need There are problem with passive investment strategy in Singapore Savings Bond. The main two root problem is interest rate risk and inflation. Interest rate risk- One of the problems of passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond is interest rate risk. Individuals cannot capitalize on future rise of interest rates within the time span of 10 years of the bond investment[9]. It is due to issuance, it is noted that the rates are fixed based on the prevailing yields as well as locked in for each of the issues. For instance, individuals you purchase Singapore Savings Bond this year at Y% per annum, then will get interest rate increase to Y+1% per annum in the following year. Here, the individual will be losing out potential earned interest income. Inflation risk- One of the problems of passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond is inflation risk. The interest income earned by individuals may not be able to beat inflation over the time span of 10-year bond investment term. The above figure shows that after investing in Singapore Savings Bond, interest will be based on 1 year SGS yield at the point individuals purchase the savings bond at 0.9% per annum. For the second year, individual will earn an interest at 1.5% per annum that is higher than the 2-year SGS yield at 1.2% per annum. For the 10th year, the Singapore Savings Bond pays an interest at 3.3% per annum. This means that the total return or average interest on the investment at 2.4% per annum that matches on what individuals have received and bought 10-year SGS at the time of investment activities. Sustainability Sustainable investing is more about driving positive social or environmental impact that goes along to derive financial results as it allows investors for accomplishing more with their money. Sustainable passive investment is all about smart investing. It is important for the investors to adjust their financial goals for in order to invest for a common purpose. Here, the sustainable funds are designed for meeting the performance features of traditional investments at the time of targeting specific social impact objectives like reducing the carbon footprint of an investment portfolio in the most appropriate way[12]. Future uncertainty or risk that may change direction or impede continuation of the strategy or policy The future risk associated to passive investment strategy Singapore Savings Bond will be interest rate risk and inflation risk. In case of passive investment strategy, it is noted that the manager of the funds are not seeking to produce returns greater as compared with the benchmark as it is the goal for matching the level of performance. Passive investing is not only less risky but it is rather it is more risky. Passive investing can be termed as the opposite of aggressive investing activities. The risk is associated with the lower fees, liquidity as well as transparency and tax efficiency. The risk identified need to be reduced so that individual feels safe to invest money on Singapore Savings bonds in the near future[13]. Suggestion on how to improve the strategy or policy and address its deficiency and reason for making the suggestion The risk identified above can be improved in the near future. Here, passive investment strategy involves buy and hold investor who are looking for maximizing the income that is generated at the time of bond generation[15]. It is mostly presumed by the investor that passive investment strategy is safe as well as predictable sources of income. It is suggested for the investors who opts this strategy to change in the income stream because of embedded options that are mentioned in the bonds covenants at issue as well as stay with the bond of life. The strategy used will be good for the lender but bad for the borrower. Hence, the strategy should be a used in a way after looking at the demerits first so that the investment strategy can be beneficial in the near future. In order to execute passive bond investment strategy, it is recommended to the individual to first decide on how much money will be invested in Singapore Savings Bond. It is suggested to hold the Singapore Savings Bond until maturity of 10 years. The decisions need to be taken after considering personal financial situations. In order to undertake decisions, it is important to perform a financial needs analysis and if anyone is still unsure, then it is recommended to consult qualified personal financial advisor. Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that passive investment strategy of Singapore Savings Bonds had been selected and approved that give proper emphasis upon facts that will benefits individuals who are willing to put their money. The above analysis gives proper explanation about the merits and demerits of investing money in Singapore Savings Bonds. The characteristics of passive investment are explained in the study with proper justification at the same time. Risk is associated with this strategy but proper recommendations are also highlighted in the current segment that can mitigate the risk as far as possible. References "Tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg". in , , 2017, https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/ [accessed 1 November 2017]. A Brav, W Jiang H Kim, The real effects of hedge fund activism: Productivity, asset allocation, and labor outcomes.The Review of Financial Studies,28(10), 2723-2769, 2015 D Hunter, E Kandel, S Kandel R Wermers, Mutual fund performance evaluation with active peer benchmarks.Journal of Financial economics,112(1), 1-29, 2014 I Appel, T Gormley D Keim, Passive investors, not passive owners.Journal of Financial Economics,121(1), 111-141, 2016 J Bogle, The index mutual fund: 40 years of growth, change, and challenge.Financial Analysts Journal,72(1), 9-13, 2016 M Cremers, M Ferreira, P Matos L Starks, Indexing and active fund management: International evidence.Journal of Financial Economics,120(3), 539-560, 2016 M Kacperczyk, S NIEUWERBURGH L Veldkamp, Time?varying fund manager skill.The Journal of Finance,69(4), 1455-1484, 2014 N Dass, V Nanda Q Wang, Allocation of decision rights and the investment strategy of mutual funds.Journal of Financial Economics,110(1), 254-277, 2013 N Vasu, C Cheong, Singapore in 2015: SG50.Southeast Asian Affairs,2016(1), 295-314, 2016 S elik M Isaksson, Institutional investors and ownership engagement.OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends,2013(2), 93-114, 2014 T Jenkinson, H Jones J Martinez, Picking winners? Investment consultants recommendations of fund managers.The Journal of Finance,71(5), 2333-2370, 2016 W Van Lancker, Putting the child-centred investment strategy to the test: Evidence for the EU27.European Journal of Social Security,15(1), 4-27, 2013 Z Bodie,Investments. McGraw-Hill, 2013

Cat Vs. Dog Essays - Cat, Dog, Cat Behavior, Poodle, Litter Box

Cat Vs. Dog The Cat Versus The Dog There comes a time in most everyone's life when he or she decides to buy a pet. Some people go for the unusual and choose a bird, snake, or rodent. Most people, however, decide on the more common four-legged creatures like a dog or cat. Dogs and cats are very different animals and they have different attitudes, needs, and habits. Understanding these differences can help in the process of choosing between them. For unwavering love and loyalty, not to mention protection, a dog is the choice. Dogs will not question authority, and they will, after some training, do exactly what they are told to do. There are many species of dogs, and they come in large, medium, and small sizes. Smaller sizes like poodles and bichons for people who just need an extra friends and bigger dogs like rottweilers and mastiffs for those who are in need of further protection. Dogs require a lot of attention, and they will make sure their owners are aware of it. They need to be watched constantly and must be taken regularly for walks, because, as most owners know, a dog cannot be trained to do his business in a litter box. A dog will, however, respond instantly to his owner's every wish and will lie at or on that owner's feet anytime, anywhere. A dog is very much like a child in that it cannot be left alone in the house for too long. It will get bored easily and can, without too much effort, make your house look as if a tornado were just there. On the other hand, for ease of care, or peace and quiet, cats can be a better choice. Cats will not question authority; they won't even listen to it. There are many species of cats, but their size will generally be the same for all breeds. They will only sleep on the bed if they want to, and will sleep at whichever end they choose. Cats are quite independent, and they do not require much attention over and above regular feeding and regular cleaning of the litter box. It is a comfort to the owner to know that the cat is simply there, and although a cat rarely responds to an owner's call, it will show affection by nuzzling or rubbing with its entire body. The purring sound a cat makes when it is content is one of the few indications of its love. Perhaps to compensate for their reticent nature, cats grow up quickly and are able to amuse themselves all day while their owners are away. They will only make a mess of the house if they are upset or sick. Cats and dogs make wonderful pets, and they both give many years of companionship. They are soothing to the soul, and they teach responsibility. The decision regarding which to choose, then, is one of duty. The pet owner must decide how much effort he or she wants to put forth. If a loyal, loving pet and trustworthy companion is desired, the dog is a good choice. If, conversely, quiet and low maintenance is more important, a cat is a better choice.

Jen passe - French Expression

Jen passe - French Expression Expression: ... et jen passe Pronunciation: [ ay zha(n) pahs] Meaning: and thats not all, and all sorts of things, and so on Literal translation: and I pass over some Register: normal Notes The French expression et jen passe is a sort of verbal shorthand, a way of letting listeners know that you are skipping over boring or excessive details. The adverbial pronoun en replaces the implied word choses- the things youre skipping over. Example   Ã‚  Ã‚   Ce que Michel est raseur  ! Il na pas arrà ªtà © de parler de son divorce, dà ©mà ©nagement, licenciement et jen passe  !   Ã‚  Ã‚  Michel is such a bore! He droned on about his divorce, move, firing, and on and on! Variation   Ã‚  Ã‚   Jen passe et des meilleures - literally, I pass over some and better ones. Note that meilleures is feminine plural to agree with choses. Synonyms   Ã‚  Ã‚  et ainsi de suite  Ã‚  Ã‚  et bla bla bla (informal)  Ã‚  Ã‚  et cetera  Ã‚  Ã‚  et patati et patata (informal)  Ã‚  Ã‚  je vous fais cadeau des dà ©tails More Expressions with enExpressions with passerMost common French phrases

Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intellectual Property - Essay Example The inventor of an intellectual property is not supposed to resign the company after creating a property in order to write his or her name as the inventor of that property. Intellectual property is a very important thing for any company. If a company acquires some other firm or company, it also acquires the right of intellectual property of that firm or company. For the proper protection and exploitation of intellectual property, the business owners need to be aware of how and when they created the intellectual property. Once the business owners create the intellectual property, they need to manage their intellectual property portfolio, capture and maximize value of the innovative ideas, monitor the infringements, and enforce the intellectual property rights. Intellectual property is a unique thing, which differentiates a person or a company for other people or companies. For example, a symbol or a logo is intellectual property of a company, which represents the company in the market . Unauthorized use of intellectual property has given rise to a number of court cases. Experts strongly recommend the companies to protect their intellectual properties using four different methods, which include patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets.

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Criminal Justice - Essay Example Recent studies have revealed however, that the law did not only fail to meet its purposes but it has, at times, became a tool of injustice. The idea of a Three Strikes Law became compelling in the early 1990s because of the proliferation of serious crimes and several widely publicized cases. The cases of Polly Klass, a 23-year old girl, who was abducted and murdered in California and Diane Ballasiotes, a Washington resident who was raped and murdered served as catalysts to the adoption of the law. In both cases, the culprits were parolees. Thus, in 1993, Washington adopted the Three-Strikes Law and a year later California passed and ratified theirs. The fundamental feature of this law is that it increases the penalty of convicted offenders on their third conviction (Samaha 2005 p. 376). To date, thirty-six states, in addition to the earlier two, have three-strike laws (Other States 2002). In 2002, the Justice Policy Institute conducted a research on the impact of the law. The study which covers the period from 1993-2002 shows that California had imposed the law four times the number of those of the other striking states, combined. Yet, as shown on Table 1, there is not much significance in the change of crime rates between striking and non-striking states (Schiraldi et al pp 9, 13-16). The study also compared the crime rate decline in California and the state of New York, a non-striking state, in the same given period. Surprisingly, New York outperformed California both in Index Crime Rate and Violent Crime Rate decline, as shown in Table 2 (Schiraldi p 10). The Criminal Defense Clinic of the Stanford Law School recently reviewed cases of incarcerated offenders under California’s Three Strikes Law (Three Strikes Sanity 2009). To date, four offenders have been freed after judges were persuaded to take a second look at their cases. Most of these convicts had prior convictions in drug and theft, as well

Final Exam Guide Essay Example for Free

Final Exam Guide Essay Question 1: How would you define successful leadership? What standard do you apply when evaluating leadership success? Is it possible to predict success based on organizational cultures or other factors? Provide examples to support your answer. Solution: Successful leadership is the ability to channel and coordinate the energy of the group to attain the desired goals of the business. It is the capacity to motivate and inspire followers to go beyond the distance of their perceived limitations, to rise to the challenges of the task at hand, and to seek out innovative and novel solutions. In a word, success leadership is empowering. As Eleanor Roosevelt once said, â€Å"A good leader inspires people to have confidence in the leader; a great leader inspires people to have confidence in themselves.† A successful leadership can be evaluated by the following standards: a) Example – A successful leader leads by example, which is the key to authentic leadership. This is demonstrated by working hard, making difficult decisions, taking risks, and personal sacrifices. b) Integrity – There are no shortcuts to success. A successful leader is honest, dependable and uncompromising on his or her work and business ethics. c) Solid goals – A successful leader has solid goals and direction, which are communicated to the team. The leader makes the team identify and take ownership of the business’s goals in order to motivate them to achieve these goals. d) Knowledge – A leader is equipped with knowledge and skills necessary for the enterprise. The leader leverages the team’s best chance of success by knowing and understanding the obstacles, competition and risks present in an endeavor. e) Autonomous – A successful leader provides for autonomy by empowering the members to think, innovate and own the solution to a problem. f) High Expectations – A successful leader expects a high level of excellence from the team. Expectations create results; people want to proud of their work. However, high expectation does not mean perfection. Rather, it is learning through experience and errors, and being accountable for one’s mistakes. g) Humility – A successful leader knows the value of  teamwork and gives credit where it is due. Leadership is not about personalities; it is about directing the group’s efforts toward the completion of an endeavor. h) Execution – A successful leader has the discipline to get things done. He or she can bridge the gap between theory and actual execution of a plan. Nagavara Ramarao Narayana Murthy is an Indian businessman and co-founder of Infosys, which was founded in 1981. Mr. Murthy served as CEO of Infosys from 1982 to 2002, and as chairman from 2002 to 2011. He stepped down from the board in 2011, and became Chairman Emeritus. Mr. Murthy embodies the ideals of a successful leadership. He is a top leader, an institution builder, and an IT legend. He empowered his executives, management team and workers. He encouraged and nurtured leadership qualities in the organization through mentoring and training. He institutionalized ethical values of honesty and integrity throughout the organization. Question 2: What methods exist to develop leaders in an organization? What methods does your organization use? Why? Have any methods been counterproductive? In what ways? Solution: There are various approaches to leadership development in an organization that will be briefly describes as follows: 1) Formal Development Programs – In its basic format, a formal program consists of a classroom seminar covering basic theories and principles of leadership. It can be in the form of a tailored development program fitted to serve the needs of the specific organization. It can also be open-enrollment programs offered by private and academic institutions. 2) 3600 Feedback – This is also known as a multi-source feedback, and a multi-rater feedback. This method involves systematically collecting assessments of a person’s performance from different sources, which typically consists of supervisors, peers, subordinates, customers, and other stakeholders. 3) Executive Coaching – This method is defined as a practical, goal-oriented form of personal and one-on-one learning. Coaching is usually used to improve individual performance, enhance a career, o r work through organizational issues. 4) Job Assignments – This method works under the assumption that experience is the best teacher. This method trains would-be leaders in an organization by giving them a variety of job assignments that will expose them to different work environments; hence, it allows them to adapt, and become better  strategic thinkers. 5) Mentoring – Mentoring programs typically pair a senior and a junior manager, but pairing can also occur between peers. Mentoring involves advising and passing on lessons learned from the senior to the junior partner. 6) Networking – Some organizations include development activities designed to foster broader individual networks for better connection with partners in a global community. Leaders are expected to know not only the in and out of the organization, but also know who in terms of problem-solving resources. 7) Reflection – Introspection and reflection can foster self-understanding and understanding from lessons learned from exper ience. In leadership development, reflection can be used to uncover a person’s hidden goals, talents, and values, as well as their impact on a person’s work. 8) Action Learning – This is a project-based learning method characterized by a continuous process of learning and reflection, aided by colleagues, and with an emphasis on getting things done. This method connects individual development to the process of helping organizations respond to major business problems. 9) Outdoor Challenges – This is a team-building experience in an outdoor or wilderness setting, designed to overcome risk-taking fears, and to promote teamwork and leadership skills. Our organization uses formal programs to develop leaders. Recognizing that a classroom-based learning, while easy and flexible, is limited in the actual transfer of competencies, the formal program serves as a shell under which various development methods are incorporated. Hence, the formal program is structured by combining theoretical learning and problem-based learning. Then, a 360-degree feedback is given to each participant, which serves as a basis for an in-depth reflection. For most people, the 360-degree feedback is difficult to handle for several reasons. The primary reason is an inherent resistance to change. Another reason is the overwhelming amount of data, which can be complex, inconsistent, and difficult to interpret and translate into an action or behavior that can correct a given problem. Mere knowledge and acceptance of one’s developmental needs are not enough to bring about change. There is a need for follow-up guidance and support. That is why participants are also given short-term coaching to identify specific areas of concern and how to resolve these concerns. Question 3: In The Art and Science of Leadership, Nahavandi writes about the dark side of power. Provide an example. What organizational factors contributed to the leader’s behavior? What were consequences of the behavior? Solution: Nahavandi cites corruption as the dark side of power. An example of a scandal that shocked the corporate world was the case of the German engineering giant Siemens in 2006. A regulatory investigation revealed that hundreds of employees, spearheaded by Siemens’ top executives, had been siphoning millions of Euros into bogus deals to pay massive bribes to government officials and business contacts to win contracts in Russia and Nigeria. A trial judge described the scandal as a blatant disregard of business ethics and a systematic practice of organized irresponsibility that was implicitly condoned by management. The scandal resulted to the departure of Siemens top executives, including then CEO Klaus Kleinfield, who was later convicted of corruption, placed on probation for 2 years, and fined 160,000 Euro for his complicity. Hans-Werner Hartmann, who was the accounting head in the company’s telecommunications arm, was also placed on probation for 18 months and fined 40,000 Euro. The scandal cost Siemens around 2.5 billion Euro to pay for fines, reparations and damages. The firm was also barred from dealings with certain clients. The cost to Siemens’ employees, who had to endure intense public scrutiny and shame, is difficult to quantify. Organizational factors that contributed to a culture of bribery within Siemens were identified as follows: an aggressive growth strategy that compelled managers to resort to bribes in order to meet performance targets; a complex and matrix-like organizational structure that allowed divisions to operate independently, with no established checks and balances; poor accounting processes; a corporate culture openly tolerant of bribes. It should be noted that bribes were tax-deductible, and were the norms, not the exceptions, in German business practice at that time. Question 4: What obstacles exist for leaders involved in participatory management? What methods may a leader employ to overcome these obstacles? Solution: Participative management, also known as employee involvement and empowerment, encourages the participation of all the organization’s stakeholders in the analysis of problems, development of strategies, and implementation of solutions. While participative management seems like a utopian ideal, leaders face many obstacles in its effective implementation. One obstacle is encouraging the participation of employees in the managerial process of planning and making decisions. Employees may not fully participate due to lack of competencies, lack of confidence, and fear of rejection. Another reason is the employee’s lack of trust that his or her contributions will be valued. The presence of tension and rivalry among employees are also barriers to effective communication, and ability to work together. Leaders can address these issues by being sincere in their desire to implement participative management. Leaders should strengthen communication within the workplace, and initiate team-building activities to strengthen bonds between peers, and between employees and management. Training programs should also be initiated to develop employees’ competencies, leadership skills and self-confidence. Once employees are fully committed to engage in participative management, other obstacles arise, which includes the amplification of the complexity of the organization’s activities and the growing volume of information that managerial decisions are based on. These can lead to difficulty in getting things done, and slow response time to issues that need fast reactions and actions. Leaders cannot solve these obstacles alone; these require the concerted effort of the entire organization. However, leaders can take the lead in delegating responsibilities to reduce the hierarchic levels in the organization, and to decentralized authority so that the organization can respond to issues quickly and efficiently. Leaders can also establish quality circles, which are composed of around 8 to 10 employees along with the supervisor who share areas of responsibility among themselves. These circles can meet regularly to discuss problems in their respective areas and  brainstorm for solutions, which they can later present to the entire organization as a fully developed action plan. In this way, the complexity of participative management is simplified. Another obstacle to participative management concerns security issues. It is harder to ensure confidential information stays within the organization when more people are involved in managerial decisions. This confidential information can include patents, and product research and development. Leaders can address this obstacle by motivating employees to be accountable for their actions and to stay committed to the company by valuing their contributions. Question 5: What are some reasons employees and managers resist change? As a leader, what methods would you use to help employees and managers adapt to change? Solution: Adaptability to change is a prerequisite to become successful in the modern world characterized by increasing global awareness and fast turnover of technology. Organizations must respond to change and be willing to change to retain their competitive edge and relevance. However, implementing organizational changes are daunting for leaders, not least because most employees and managers resist change. The common reasons why employees resist change are the following: change promotes fear, insecurity and uncertainty, difference in perception and lack of understanding, reaction against the way change is presented, cynicism and lack of trust, and threats to vested interest. In order to overcome resistance to change, leaders can involve workers in the change process by openly communicating about the need for change, providing consultation to alleviate employees’ fears, and being sensitive to employees’ concerns. In order to implement change, leaders must decide on the method they will use to overcome resistance to change, and modify behavior. The three-step approach is an example of such a method; it is characterized by three basic stages: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. 1) Unfreezing: Most people prefer to maintain the status quo, which is  associated with stability, rather than confronting the need for change. The starting stage, therefore, of a change process must involve unfreezing old behaviors, processes, and structures. This stage develops an awareness of the need for change, and the forces that supports and resists change. Awareness is facilitated with one-on-one discussions, presentations to groups, memos, reports, company newsletter, seminars, and demonstrations. These activities are designed to educate employees about the deficiencies of the current set-up and the benefits of the replacement. 2) Changing: This stage focuses on learning new behaviors, and implementing the change. Change is facilitated when employees become uncomfortable with the identified deficiencies of the old system, and are presented with new behaviors, role models, and support structures. 3) Refreezing: This stage focuses on reinforcing new behaviors, usually done by positive results, public recognition, and rewards.

I Once Was Blind, but Now I See :: Personal Narrative

I Once Was Blind, but Now I See A sunrise has the power to free us from the dull shade of night. Like clockwork, the sun rises every morning bringing golden rays of light that illuminate the world around us. It provides life to objects that surround us everywhere. The deep green needles of a pine, the crystal blue sky, or even the rich black surface of pavement all owe their color to the trillions of tiny rays that pour down from the sun everyday. Many people go about their everyday lives without even looking at the world around them. Everyday people take for granted what they are able to see. People don’t think about what it would be like if they woke up one morning and the sunrise wasn’t there. What would it be like if all the light from the world was taken away and all that was left was cold lonely darkness? Most people couldn’t answer this question, but I can. When I was in ninth grade, my top concerns in life were things like whom I was going to ask to the dance, making the varsity wrestling team, and hanging out with my buds. I had no real conception of the world around me, except that I was in it. From the second I woke up until the second I went to sleep, I took everything I saw as a given routine. My mother’s emerald green eyes, a fresh red apple, and even the eye-catching sparkle of Nikki Melousky’s braces were some the little things I took for granted every time I saw them. On a chilly January day, one wrestling practice would change my life. The ground was blanketed with a thick sheet of white snow, and it was so cold your fingers went numb after five seconds in the chilly air. I was at wrestling practice and everything was running as usual, except we were sweating bullets. See, the object of a wrestling practice is to sweat weight off, and that’s difficult to do when it is below zero outside. My coach’s solution was to make it hot: ninety-nine degrees hot! When it’s that hot, you sweat so much it makes a puddle. This puddle of sweat would open the window that let me see our world in a different light or, better yet, no light at all. I was a hard worker, but my friend Devon liked to push my buttons when we wrestled.

Projective Techniques Essay

Such tests are based loosely on the psychoanalytic concept of projection, the assumption being that respondents project unconscious aspects of their personalities on to the test items and reveal them in their responses †¦ The website of the Association of Qualitative Practitioners (AQR 2004) defines projective techniques as follows: A wide range of tasks and games in which respondents can be asked to participate during an interview or group, designed to facilitate, extend or enhance the nature of the discussion. Some are known as ‘projective’ techniques, being loosely based on approaches originally taken in a psychotherapeutic setting. These rely on the idea that someone will ‘project’ their own (perhaps unacceptable or shameful) feelings or beliefs onto an imaginary other person or situation †¦ Projective techniques may be used in qualitative as well as quantitative studies (Levy 1994) and they are useful (Boddy 2004b) in both. 240 International Journal of Market Research Vol. 47 Issue 3 Projective techniques are commonly used in qualitative market research (Gordon & Langmaid 1990) where the aim of the techniques is to facilitate the gaining of a deeper understanding of the area being researched. In discussing projective techniques they distance the use of projective techniques in qualitative market research from that of psychoanalytical practice, and suggest a more pedestrian and pragmatic definition: Projection [is] the tendency to imbue objects or events with characteristics or meanings which are derived from our subconscious desires, wishes or feelings. Dichter (1964) defined projection as meaning ‘to project subjective ideas and contents onto an object’, and said that one person could ascribe their own problems or difficulties to someone else. He described these techniques as being widely used in psychological work (Dichter 1960) and said that they are a non-directive interview technique where the respondent can project himself onto another and thus reveal some of the respondent’s own thoughts, feelings and fears. Projective vis-a-vis enabling techniques The market researchers Chandler and Owen (2002) define projective and enabling techniques quite succinctly and in a way with which most qualitative market research practitioners (Gordon & Langmaid 1990; Goodyear 1998) would probably agree. This differentiation is useful to make at the beginning of this paper as the techniques are often used interchangeably and the distinction between them may have become blurred in the minds of some qualitative market researchers. Classically, the idea of a projective technique relates to a device that allows the individual research participant to articulate repressed or otherwise withheld feelings by projecting these onto another character. The idea of enabling techniques relates to a device which allows the individual research participant to find a means of expressing feelings, thoughts and so on which they find hard to articulate. Enabling techniques are held to be the simpler (Will, Eadie & MacAskill 1996) of the two techniques as they just help people to talk about themselves. Will et al. ake the useful distinguishing point that while all projective techniques may be enabling, not all enabling techniques involve projection. Other researchers (Lysaker & Bradley 1957) make the point that even pictorial devices, which do not function as projective techniques 241 Projective techniques in market research (i. e. devices researchers would nowadays refer to as enabling techniques), may still have utility in gener ating responses. Gordon and Langmaid (1990) state that the use of projective as opposed to enabling techniques is a false distinction in market research as the aim of both techniques is to facilitate deeper understanding. However, they do go on to say that in enabling techniques people are asked to do something that itself has no interpretive value (and so doesn’t itself need to be interpreted). In terms of analysis there is a distinction because with enabling techniques the research participants are talking as themselves (that is not to say that this speech should always be taken at face value), whereas with projective techniques the research participants are talking as someone else and the researcher makes the interpretative assumption that they are talking as themselves. This agreement over the definition of projective techniques is about as far as most research textbooks get on the subject. How they are subsequently used is little discussed and how they are then analysed is hardly explicitly touched on at all (Levy 1994; Catterall 1998), which is a situation that has hardly changed from ten or more years ago. This paper aims to look at current reports of how projective techniques are analysed and what support for their reliability and validity exists, and aims to stimulate debate in this area of market research so that a better and more accessible understanding of the subject can be offered to those entering research as potential practitioners, to interested clients, and to researchers who are more used to a quantitative or direct questioning approach. The origins of projective techniques Projective techniques were employed in market research from the 1940s (Catterall & Ibbotson 2000) to encourage research participants to express feelings and attitudes that might otherwise be withheld due to embarrassment or fear if more direct questioning methods were used. Market research originally borrowed (Robson 2000; Boddy 2004a) projective techniques from psychoanalysis and clinical psychology where they are still used (Richman 1996) to gain insights into personality and personality disorders. Projection, as a concept, originated from Freud’s work on paranoia (Lilienfeld, Wood & Garb 2000), where he conceptualised projection as a defence mechanism by which people unconsciously attribute their own negative personality traits to others. Lilienfeld et al. say that Freud’s work 242 International Journal of Market Research Vol. 47 Issue 3 was subsequently developed by psychoanalysts and clinical psychologists. This development was based on the hypothesis that ‘research participants project aspects of their personalities in the process of disambiguating unstructured test stimuli’, and several different techniques were developed such as the well-known Rorschach technique, or ‘ink-blot test’, where subjects are assumed to project aspects of their personality onto the ambiguous features of a set of inkblots. Projective techniques in market research A commonly used completion technique (Gordon & Langmaid 1990; Will et al. 1996) in qualitative market research is ‘bubble drawing’. This is a device based on a technique called the Thematic Apperception Test where, according to Tucker-Ladd (2001), clinical psychologists use a series of standard pictures and ask subjects to make up stories about them. TuckerLadd says that what people see in the pictures says something about themselves and thus reveals their personality. Projective techniques can be used in a variety of market research situations as well as in social and educational research (Catterall & Ibbotson 2000), and these do not have to be aiming at uncovering aspects of personality of any great depth. For example, a bubble drawing was used (Boddy 2004a) by one researcher to uncover students’ underlying attitudes towards the delivery of a lecture on marketing research rather than to uncover any deeper aspects of their own personalities. Projective and enabling techniques are thus useful when research participants have difficulty expressing opinions or feelings and researchers need some way of accessing these from the participants’ minds (Gordon & Langmaid 1990; Kay 2001).

Predestination in Book III of John Miltons Paradise Lost...

Predestination in Book III of Paradise Lost Miltons purpose in Paradise Lost is nothing less than to assert eternal providence and justify the ways of God to men - a most daunting task. For Milton to succeed in his endeavour, he has to unravel a number of theologiccal thorns that have troubled christian philosophers for centuries. Since his epic poem is, essentially, a twelve book argument building to a logical conclusion - the justification of the ways of God to men - he will necessarily have to deal with these dogmatic problems, and, in doing so, reveal his own take on the Christian theology. What we receive in Paradise Lost, however, is Miltons final conclusion concerning these issues; to discover how he worked a†¦show more content†¦But what is implied by Miltons usage of the word? Gods defence in Book III can be broken into four parts: 1-Man was created free, ie. I made him just and right/Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall. This is covered in lines 97-111; 2-It is through free-will that man chose to fall, ie. ...they themselves decreed/Thir own revolt, not I. This is covered in lines 111-119; 3-Though fallen, man shall not lose their free-will, ie. I formd them free, and free they must remain; the notion of the non-mutability of God is also contained here. This is covered in lines 120-128; 4-Using free-will, and through God, man shall be saved, ie. Man therefore shall find grace [...] in Mercy and Justice both. This is covered in lines 129-134, and thus constitutes the final part of Gods full argument and defence. Central to the argument, though, both structurally and in terms importance, is the notion of predestination. The other aspects of the argument - mans free-will, and the means by which they shall be saved - are contained within that single word, for behind it lies the entirety of the argument that Milton lays out in Chapter IV of De Doctrina Christiana. Chapter IV of DeShow MoreRelated Adam in Miltons Paradise Lost Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesAdam in Paradise Lost: Fates Ruler - and Subject A central problem in John Miltons Paradise Lost in the theological issue of free will versus fate, a traditionally much-debated question. Free will is the condition of having control or direction over fate or destiny; the individual shapes his life and future through his actions. The opposing view, complete lack of free will (made famous by John Calvin), is predestination, which expresses the idea that our futures have been foreseen long